What is cloning?
1. Who is Dolly? Dolly was a cloned sheep created in 1997. She was the first mammal to be cloned from a somatic cell.
2. When a zygote divides into to separate cells, it is called: embryo twinning
3. Somatic cells are also called: germ cells
4. In order to clone a gene, a gene is inserted into: an egg, where it will become a fertilized embryo.
5. In order to create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell must have its single chromosome removed.
Click and Clone
6. List all the materials needed to clone a mouse.
mouse to be cloned (brown)
mouse with egg cells for use (black)
surrogate mother (white)
microscope
petri dish
sharp pipette
blunt pipette
chemical to stimulate cell division
7. Place the following steps in the correct order.
4 Stimulate cell division
6 Deliver baby
2 Remove and discard the nucleus from the egg cell
1 Isolate donor cells from egg donor and germ cell donor
3 Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell
5 Implant embryo into a surrogate mother
8. There are two time gaps in the process of cloning. What are they? (ie. what do you have to wait for?)
The steps necessary are letting the DNA adjust and letting the DNA separate into 16 cells
9. What color with the cloned mouse be? They must be brown. What is the name of this mouse? Its name is Mini-mimi.
Why Clone?
10. Why is cloning extinct animals problematic? The extinct animal may not be able to survive in modern conditions.
11. What are some reasons a person might want to clone a human? Cloning humans can help infertile couples have children or replace deceased children.
The Clone Zone
12. What animal was cloned in 1885? A Sea Urchin was cloned in 1885.
13. How did Spemann separate the two cells of the embryo of a salamander in 1902? He created a noose from a baby hair and tied it to the salamander embryos. They began to separate.
14. The process of removing a nucleus is called enucleation.
15. In 1952, the nucleus of a frog embryo cell was placed into a donor cell. Did it work to clone the animal? The clones were created, but they had difficulty growing.
16. Can the nucleus of an adult cell be injected into an egg cell and produce a clone? yes
17. Why are mammals hard to clone? Mammal DNA is extremely complex, and can sometimes develop differently depending on its environment.
18. What were the names of the first two cloned cows? Fusion and Copy
19. In what year was the National Bioethics Advisory Council formed? 1995
20. The first mammal clone to be produced from an adult (somatic) cell? Dolly, a sheep.
21. What do scientists do to adult cells to make them "behave" like embryos? The egg that carries the adult cell must first be enucleated.
22. Transgenic, cloned sheep were used to produce what medical protein? They produced transgenetic protein in their milk.
23. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is a young cell with the ability to turn into any of the body's 200+ cell types.
Cloning Myths
24. Briefly describe in your own words, why CC the cat was not identical in color to Rainbow, even though she was a clone.
Because CC is a clone of rainbow, it would appear that their differences in coloration are peculiar. The answer to the question of why this occurred has to do with the cats' x chromosomes. During Rainbow's development, one x chromosome (which has codes for coat color) in each cell was turned off. This process is normal, and gave Rainbow her unique pattern. In the cloned cell given to CC, there was no code for orange coloration. Therefore, the two cats were clones genetically, and looked dissimilar anyway.
25. What is "nature vs nurture"?
Nature vs Nurture is essentially epigenetics, the idea that the environment an organism lives in can shape the genes that become expressed. This occurs often in identical twins, who often don't look perfectly alike and don't act like so either. They are genetically the same, yet different people in the long run.
Is it Cloning or Not?
26. For each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning)
NO Sperm taken from a mole goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop
YES A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into indivudal cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity.
YES A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother.
NO In vitro fertilization
YES Cell nuclei from an extinct wolly mammoth are placed into enucleated cow cells.
27. Define or describe each of the following processes (you may need to reset the Cloning or Not Screen)
Invitro fertilization- The act of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside of the body.
Embryo splitting- Where an embryo is split into two parts, each with the same genes.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- The process of placing a donor nucleus into an enucleated egg.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer- A method of increasing the eggs in ovulation so that an animal with certain qualities will be produced faster.
Artificial Insemination- The act of fertilizing a females eggs with sperm in a way other than intercourse.
What Are the Risks of Cloning?
28. What is one reason why cloning animals has such a high failure rate?
The four main reasons why animal cloning is so difficult are that the pregnancy might fail, the initial implantation into the surrogate may fail, the nucleus may not develop or separate properly, or the enucleated egg and the transfered nucleus may not be compatible.
29. What is a telomere and how does it affect cloned animals?
A telomere is the DNA sequence at the end of the chromosomes. Every time the DNA is replicated, the telomeres become shorter. Some animals can have lengthened lives, while others have shortened ones due to already shrunken telomeres.
What Are Some Issues in Cloning?
30. Pick one of the questions to ponder and ....ponder it. Write a brief essay on your thoughts and opinions.
Does cloning to create stem cells, also called therapeutic cloning, justify destroying a human embryo?
The ethics of stem cell research have been put into the spotlight time and time again. Opponents argue creating a clone for he process of extracting stem cells is "playing god" and a violation of the values of human life. However, the possible benefits from conducting this type of research should be enough to outweigh the moral questions.
Stem cells are self replicating cells with the possibility to turn into any of the body's other cell types. Scientists believe the research on stem cells has the potential to reshape the medical field in its entirety. Possible ailments that may be healed by stem cells are brain injuries, effects of a stroke, learning defects, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, baldness, blindness, deafness, missing teeth, ALS, Myocardial Infraction, Muscular Dystrophy, Diabetes, multiple types of cancer, Crohn's Disease, Arthritis, spinal chord injuries, and flesh wounds. Bone marrow transplantation has already been helped by stem cells research.
The greatest argument against stem cell research of any kind is that humans shouldn't be experimenting on other humans. If we were to use clones for the purpose of research, the embryos would be strictly for science, and never expected to live in the real world. To answer the initial question "Does cloning to create stem cells, also called therapeutic cloning, justify destroying a human embryo?", the embryo would be a clone of an already living human being, not a new fetus conceived by a couple trying to start a family. Because of this, as well as the numerous possibilities that are attainable with further research, cloning to create stem cells is justified.
u r too good. this help me so much. thank you so much
ReplyDeleteSome of your answers are incorrect.....
ReplyDelete3. Somatic cells ARE NOT germ cells. Germ cells are sex cells; gametes.
4. In order to clone a gene, it has to be isolated and extracted from the DNA segment and inserted into a bacterial plasmid where it is multiplied. Why would it be inserted into an egg and grown into an embryo...?
5. To create an embryo from a somatic cell, the donor egg cell has to have it's nucleus removed, not it's "single chromosome." People have 46 chromosomes within each nucleus.
10. Your answer was partially correct. But cloning extinct animals is problematic because if 2 animals are cloned, say, a male and a female. It leads to a decrease in genetic diversity. They'll keep reproducing within their gene pool until they'll practically have identical genomes. This could lead to the animal not being able to make adaptions to their environment; they don't have that adaption gene anymore.
26. "A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother." That is NOT cloning because all of the egg cells are not genetically identical. Through a process called Meiosis do egg cells divide and become genetically different. Egg cells only contain half of the organism's chromosomes. When they fertilize with sperm cells, which also have 1/2 the number of chromosomes, they combine to make all 46 chromosomes, half from the female and half from the male. The offspring is genetically different from both the male and the female and is NOT a clone.